martes 16 de octubre de 2007

Dia de la Raza: Una mirada filosófica

“ De que mi silencio vacío ronda nuestra saber, lo prueba el hecho de que en el mundo moderno, no obstante el saber acumulado, no sabemos cómo alimentar al hombre...ni menos qué es el hombre. Lo señala el exceso de teoría, la abundancia de soluciones y la violencia desatada. Todo esto es el símbolo de la silenciosa mudez de nuestro saber culto, que ha perdido contacto con su contenido. Es que nuestro silencio no es el pueblo. Detrás del silencio popular y de su decir cualquier cosa, hay una verdad que rige su combinatoria y que nosotros perdimos...”

Rodolfo Kusch


“ No hace mucho tiempo, la tierra estaba poblada por dos mil millones de habitantes, es decir, quinientos millones de hombres y quinientos millones de indígenas. Los primeros disponían del Verbo, los otros lo tomaban prestado.”

Jean-Paul Sartre

Desde una perspectiva filosófica, una de las aristas más interesantes para analizar a partir de un nuevo aiversario de la conquista española es la posibilidad de reconstruir una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con la peculiar posición que adoptó la filosofía y el pensamiento latinoamericano en el conjunto de la historia de las ideas.
En la historia de la filosofía occidental nunca se había dado el caso de que alguien se preguntase si tenía o no derecho a la palabra, simplemente se hacia uso de ella. Pero América Latina marca un cambio de rumbo en este sentido y se interrogó sobre la posibilidad, el derecho a la pregunta. Esto es ¿ tenemos derecho a una filosofía propia? Esta particularidad viene dada porque lo que está en entredicho al comienzo del pensar filosófico latinoamericano en la disputa De las Casas. Supúlveda es la humanidad de quien formula la pregunta. Pero lo trascendente de este planteo es que los americanos al insertarse en esta polémica, no pueden deshacerse del mismo contexto que los determina: el europeo.
Las afirmaciones a favor de la naturaleza humana,de los indígenas se basarán en lo que estos tengan de semejante con aquellos. Es el hombre europeo el que sirve como modelo de hombre que deben demostrar su humanidad antes de tener derecho a la palabra.
Debemos señalar también que otra de las formas que adoptó el filosofar latinoamericano se presenta como una dicotomía, una lucha trágica por lo que de amputación tienen: civilización o barbarie. Se aspira a la civilización y se niega la barbarie. Civilización es Europa y los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, barbarie ser{a lo mestizo y el pasado español alejaron a los latinoamericanos de la verdadera humanidad, de la verdadera cultura. Otra vez, como en los inicios de la colonización, ofrecer al tribunal de la “ Humanidad Arquetípica”, las pruebas de que se es hombre. Así, el filosofar latinoamericano se vio envuelto en una violenta lucha por una doble utopía: la de un conservadurismo que nada quería saber con una nueva imagen del hombre y la de un liberalismo que creía no tener nada que ver con el pasado.
Será el romanticismo latinoamericano, quien plantee de manera más acabad el problema de una cultura original latinoamericana. Y por original entienden independiente de la cultura ibérica. Pero una vez más el de patrón será Europa: nuestros intelectuales sueñan con una América que origine un conjunto de culturas nacionales tomando como modelo las del viejo continente. Nuevamente la decepción de finalizar el siglo XIX, los latinoamericanos no han dejado de ser lo que eran, todos los intentos de amputación del pasado han resultado inútiles.
El siglo XX, se inicia y se continua a partir de una vuelta a la pregunta por lo que hace de un hombre un “ Hombre”. Hay desde el pensamiento filosófico una nueva respuesta: la libertad, pero no la libertad del liberalismo ni la del positivismo, sino la libertad creadora que propondrán Caso, Vasconcelos, Korn, y otros más.
Al lado de esta filosofía que mostraba que el paradigma del hombre es sólo el hombre mismo surge, como paralela expresión, el nacionalismo pero distinto al que surgiera inspirado por el romanticismo en el siglo XIX. Este será un nacionalismo que buscará en sus pueblos un modo de ser propios, que no tienen por qué ser semejante al de otros pueblos.
Los filósofos latinoamericanos se lanzan a la búsqueda de lo propio, lo original de cada pueblo; y dentro de esta originalidad la filosofía misma, esto es, el Verbo, el Logos, la Palabra. Pero un Verbo que no ha de seguir siendo prestado. Un filosofar que necesita desprender de la cegadora iluminación que sobre le pensamiento sigue ejerciendo la filosofía europea.
Según Néstor García Canclini “ la cultura latinoamericana no está hecha; es la historia de una búsqueda aún abierta” Podríamos decir lo mismo de nuestra filosofía: está en un constante proceso de elaboración. Creo que una de las tareas fundamentales del pensamiento filosófico actual tiene que ver con la tarea de lograr una especificidad que no reniegue ni olvide la tradición filosófica occidental, pero que se posicione ante ella con una mirada crítica y desde las particulares circunstancias históricas, económicas y sociopolíticas que nos tocan vivir

Juan Franco Traverso

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